The Multi Store Model And The Reconstructive Model Psychology Essay

The Multi Store Model And The Reconstructive Model Psychology Essay In this essay there are two memory models what are compared. The memory models are the Multi Store Model and the Reconstructive Model. It shows how the models work, some studies which have been done experimenting the model, advantages and disadvantages to the models. The multi store model is a theory by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). They say that memory uses a number of different processes and that there is actually more than one kind of memory store. There is three parts to the multi store model: sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory. The process starts at sensory memory where you use your senses: Sight, smell, hearing, touch and taste to receive and store information. The information here doesnt last very long from milliseconds to two seconds, just long enough for it to transfer to short term memory. To get to short term memory you use the process, encoding. Encoding means taking the information and making a memory trace. There are three types of encoding: Acoustic, visual and semantic. Acoustic is repeating the topic; you would say or sing the words in your head. Visual is where you would try to see the topic in your head and try to picture it. Semantic encoding is what it means to you e.g. a favourite birthday present, someth ing that has a personal meaning. If the information is not attended to from sensory memory to short term memory this can be lost. The information that has been attended to then rehearsed will go to store in long term memory. (AS Level Psychology) Peterson and Peterson (1959) did a study that supported the multi store model for the duration of short term memory; they named the study Trigram Retention Experiment also known as TRE. The study was highly controlled and the people all started on the same base level. Their aim of the study was to see what the duration of short term memory would be if you did no rehearsal. When they tested this, the people who partook in the trigram, were read three letters. These three constanants were randomly picked and had no meaning e.g. CWT. immediately after been given this the people had to count backwards in threes starting with a very large three digit number. This was called the distractor task they had to do it for a specified time and it was designed so that you could not rehearse the TRE. The time period was called The retention interval and this varied from 3 seconds to 18 seconds. Then when told, the people had to recall the trigram. The letters had to be said exactly the same. They f ound that nearly all the people who recalled after a three second retention interval were successful. Then when they did it at 18 seconds, only very few people could recall the TRE. Doing this study found out that without rehearsing things the duration of short term memory is very short. So this shows that without rehearsal memory is very limited. There were criticisms to this theory though, it was said that the distractor task did prevent rehearsal, but it also meant that the people were doing an additional processing task so this may have affected their recall scores. (Essential AS Psychology for AQA, Richard Gross and Geoff Rolls) Shallice and Warrington (1970) also did a study which supported the multi store model they reported a case where someone had, had a motorbike accident. This resulted in him now having extremely poor short term memory. However his short term memory what he couldnt remember was only for verbal information. His visual and acoustic was normal. This suggests there is more than one type of short term memory, not incorporated in the multi store model. He could only remember one or two digits. Yet his long term memory after the accident was normal. This is in support with the multi store model, because it provides evidence to show that short term memory and long term memory stores are separate. The reconstructive model of memory was a theory by Bartlett (1932). He said that memory is unlike a camera, that its not accurate and the interpretations are based on each persons memories and previous experiences. (Essential Psychology). People tend to be selective about what bit of event they remember. This can be a problem though when needing an accurate recall. Schemas are a major part in reconstructive memory. Schemas are our own ready made expectation of a scenario. They fill the gaps in our own knowledge. Schemas can lead to memory distortions when information doesnt already fit in to the existing schemas we have. There is also a lot of influence to memory from stereo-typing and cultural expectations. (Essential AS Psychology). The eye witness testimony also known as EWT is for criminal incidents that people have seen. Eye witness testimony may not always be accurate; it can be influences by a lot of different things like anxiety, age and even leading questions. If you were to witness a crime it would make you anxious. There are advantages to knowing that the eye witness testimony is not always accurate, this warns us and helps us to know we do have to treat with care. Bartlett (1932) did a study on the reconstructive memory called War of the Ghosts. He did this study to investigate the effect of previous experiences and expectations have on memory recall. A group of people were shown a drawing or a short story, which was the war of the ghosts, to look and read through. The group of people then had to reproduce the story or drawing after different time periods. The time periods ranged from fifteen minutes to years later, this was called a repeated reproduction technique. Over time they found that the group of people produced shorter more clear and carefully thought out versions, more ordinary. They had made the story sound more normal e.g. instead of using the word canoes they used the word boats. They only recalled the basic storyline. In conclusion to this study they found that an explanation or opinion plays a major role in remembering. An active process of reconstruction is remembering, Bartlett called this the effort after meaning, that is mak ing the past more ordinary and normal so that it fits in to our existing knowledge or schemas. This study in psychology is regarded as a classic. Although there are criticisms to this study, It was said that it was a poorly controlled study that Bartlett may have been biased in the interpretations of the different stories. There was also another argument saying the story was very different and unusual. There have been other studies which have done real life everyday memories, which over time were successful. The study was by Wynn and Logie (1998). There is also the study of the unreliability of the eye witness testimony which was done by Loftus and Palmer (1974). They studied smash/ contacted car speed study. The aim of this study was to investigate an immediate recall from the effect of language the group of people use after being asked leading questions. The group of people were shown some slides of an accident which involved two cars. The group were split into two groups, by asking some about how fast were the cars going when they smashed in to each other? for the other set of people they were asked the same but instead of using the word smashed they said hit, bumped and contacted. From doing this study they found that from using different words peoples opinions of the speed were very different. The difference of using the word smashed was higher than the ones who were asked bumped, hit and contacted. So this proves there is an effect when using leading questions. The reconstructive model does provide us with a good explanation of everyday memory. But that we dont have perfect memories. There are disadvantages to the reconstructive memory model there is no information on how we can improve our memory. Also it is more opinion based, because this model of memory assumes that memories are so complicated. Some predictions cannot be made, so we cannot predict what information will be and wont be remembered, as we dont know what a persons schemas are. In conclusion to this, Atkinson and Schiffrins model of the multi store model is one of the best known models of memory, but this doesnt necessarily mean its the best theory. Its a very simple and straight forward theory, but in some ways its too simplistic. It shows that rehearsal doesnt always work, and that you cannot rehearse smells and sights. The reconstructive model is more reliable as its based more on everyday life. It explains that the eye witness testimony is not always accurate and not to fully trust it as much. It also states that we dont have perfect memories. The reconstructive model also helps us to understand how our previous knowledge effects our interpretations of memory.

National Discipline Awardee Essay

â€Å"A person is not measured by his accomplishments or possessions, but how he deals with people and how deep his relationship with God is. † Young as I am, I have been taught by my God fearing parents to value everything – big or small – that we have. I am not from a prestigious clan or a well-off family but I feel privileged because I was able to see life more meaningful and worth living. It’s all because of my loved-ones that keeps me going. Amid the crucial days that come my way, I would be standing there because I believe that tests won’t be given to me if I cannot surpass them. Being chosen as a National Discipline Awardee is another challenge for me. Challenge because I have to prove everybody that I deserve that award. Nevertheless, they would probably look at me with their eyes stick on everything that I will do and on decisions that I will make. But, I don’t mind them. I have nothing to do. I just have to be myself. I don’t have to be somebody else just to please everybody. I am confident that what I have right now is the fruit of what my parents taught me ever since childhood. The virtues that they implanted in my heart helped me a lot in achieving my goals and dreams. And now, it’s my turn to give them something that they can be proud of. This award would definitely give them so much joy. And as for me, it’s indeed an honor. But I know, it doesn’t stop there, it is better if I could share something for our society especially for the youth. I have often wondered how some of our youth today were greatly influenced by the modern trend. Some lives have gone astray and dreams of a good future vanished. All because of the bad vices that they have been practicing which they learned from the BAD influences in our environment. My heart bleeds every time I will see parents working so hard just to give their child all the things they need. Yet, their deeds often neglected. I guess, what is lacking, is the discipline in our youth sector. Our teachers never failed to remind us that resorting to drugs, alcohol, premarital sex and other form of vices is an immoral act or habit. And this will definitely ruin their lives and bring nothing but trouble. So instead of doing so, I learned to respect y God-given life, and nurture the talents that I have. â€Å"Discipline† of the youth, is what we need, and that is being pure in thoughts, in words and in deeds. It has been said that you may whatever you resolve to be. You must be determined to be something in the world, and you will be someone or something. â€Å"I cannot† never accomplished anything. â€Å"I’ll try† has wrought wonders. Opportunities – that would direct my lives, trials – that would teach me lessons, and decision-making – where I can apply all lessons I’ve learned from my daily experiences, will always be just around the corner, playing a vital part in my personal life. But what really matters, is that I know I have this determination and will to overcome difficulties and hardships. I may not be from a well-off family nor has deformity in my physical aspect; I believe I would never get tired of trying and trying again. For it is only in the minds of my detractors that I can’t do it. Failure is not a hindrance for me to stop believing and dreaming rather I make it an inspiration for me to try and strive my best even more and have enough perseverance to attain success. Lastly, I learned to think less of myself. I found out that there should be selflessness and diminish in my heart selfishness. For I believe that it is only through selfless love that I can find true happiness. Reaching out for others especially in the needs of time and sacrificing my personal advantages or desires for the good of the masses gives me fulfillment in my heart. Sharing my time, talents as well as blessings with my brothers and sisters is the best way to say â€Å"Thank you† to God. Above all this, I would like to put emphasis that being a good role model for my fellow youth is simply what I can do to make this country a better place to live in.

Marketing Career Paper

A marketing manager had the duty of overseeing all marketing, advertising, and promotional activities, as well as staff. They are also the people who create marketing strategies and meet organizational objectives. A must for the job is being able to evaluate customer research, the conditions of the market, the competitor’s data and must be able to change and implement a marketing plan. A marketing manager, overall, is the leader of the business’s marketing organization.All the jobs performed by a marketing manager require knowledge of the field, people skills, and problem solving skills. It is not a job where one learns on the job, one must know the skills before you start. The average salary of a marketing manager is $107,610. One can work their way to making $138,470. The hours may vary for this job position. They work the average forty hours a week, plus some. With all their job requirements, they are expected to work extra to solve any problems or work on any projec t.One may also have to travel quite a bit. To become a project manager there are no set requirements and/or qualifications for the position. This are is becoming very popular and has made the market for this job very competitive. It would be wise to obtain a degree, such as a masters in business or a CIM (Chartered Institute of Marketing) certification. It would also be good to have â€Å"extensive experience in other marketing positions,† as well as having been a product manager.IT literacy is also a must. Although these can help one obtain the job, one does not have to have a certain amount of years or experience to become a product manager. The hours are varied and one must have a lot of commitment to do this job well. One must be willing to let go of certain activities. The pay, however, is very good. One must out way the positives and negatives of this job to decide if they are willing to put the hours in to succeed at this job.

Nonverbal Cues in Computer-Mediated Communication Essay...

Computer-mediated communication is a ubiquitous feature of modern life. Whether the communication is through Facebook, Twitter, email, instant messaging (IM), or such media as massive multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs,) the ability for human beings to communicate across time and culture is unprecedented in history. Never before have people been able to communicate so freely with strangers around the world. However, it lacks at least one critical aspect of face-to-face interaction: nonverbal communication. Therefore, it is imperative that we continue to find more and more ways to approximate the nonverbal cues provided by speaking in person. Nonverbal communication, loosely defined as all parts of communication other than†¦show more content†¦Nearly everyone has experienced the frustration of writing a carefully crafted email which has subsequently been misinterpreted by the recipient. Michael Duffy writes, speaking of interacting with clients via email, Commen ts in e-mail form are often seen as curt and sometimes harsh. Without that interaction when the client is explaining her comments, the smallest, most benign suggestion can escalate to a crisis before you know it. And soon youll assume the client wants to change the whole creative direction rather than simply make a minor tweak. (Duffy) So, robbed of the nonverbal cues (a shrug, a shake of the head,) which indicate that the suggestion is indeed small and benign, the email comes off as harsh and demanding. Email interaction is just one of many forms of computer-mediated communication. Often, people use a combination of many forms, such as instant messaging, texting, email, and chat to communicate online. In fact, in a survey by advertising giant Euro RSCG Worldwide, half of the respondents said they knew someone whose dating or marriage relationship started online (Friedman.) Match.com, a popular dating website, had over twenty million active members in 2008 (Match.com.) So it se ems quite possible to at least begin a meaningful relationship over the internet, but it seems that its not beneficial to rely on online-only relationships too heavily. In studies, it has been shown thatShow MoreRelatedNonverbal Cues Of Computer Mediated Communication1862 Words   |  8 Pagesher article â€Å"Type me How You Feel: Quasi-Nonverbal Cues in Computer-Mediated Communication,† Carter explores the implications associated with nonverbal perceptions in type written communication. In today’s age, interaction comes in many forms; as societies progress technologically, so does the exchange of language through text based messages also referred to as Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC). Non-verbal communication is interpersonal communication through visual, body gestures, and facialRead MoreTechnology-Mediated Negotiation1163 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology-Mediated Negotiation Negotiations occur on a daily basis for a countless number of reasons. People often negotiate without even realizing that they are doing it. â€Å"Anytime people cannot achieve their goals without the cooperation of others, they are negotiating† (Thompson, Wang, Gunia, 2009). Something as simple as deciding what movie to watch, who is going to pay for dinner, or sometimes even just choosing which clothes to wear for the day are perfect examples of these unnoticed negotiationsRead MoreTechnology Effect on Communication Essay816 Words   |  4 PagesThe approach of communication has changed a lot due to technology. Technology has helped shy individuals pursue more friendships leading to more communication. â€Å"A considerable (48%) of young adults in Western societies report shyness; thus, large numbers of people experience fear and avoidance of face-to-face communication, which affects their lives in many ways† (Lynne Keaten, 2007, p. 350). These new ways of communic ation due to technology has assisted these shy individuals in entering the worldRead MoreShort Answer Assignment.. Name: ______________Date: ____________..1360 Words   |  6 PagesServe as an abstraction of reality o Sustain and transmit culture o Express imagination and creativity o Express confirming and disconfirming messages Then, share an example that illustrates how this function is demonstrated in a hypothetical communication exchange and explain its significance. (Remember, this should be no more than 250 words) Bevan and sole (2014) assert that language is core in the sustenance and transmission of culture. Indeed, language allows individuals to fosterRead MoreVerbal Communication : Nonverbal Communication1428 Words   |  6 Pages The real communication is just based on the words we communicate with each other to deliver our messages and intentions. However, after taking this class it is quite clear to me that communication is not just verbal communication but nonverbal as well. After taking this course, I have become able to understand the nonverbal aspects in each and every communication, I use to encounter with or actions I use to see or experience. This course lets me understood that nonverbal communication covers severalRead MoreElectronic Communication As A Barrier For Traditional Communication934 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication within growing cultures is changing due to electrical communication through the increasing use internet and phone application. Advances in media and technology and the widespread usage of the internet are influencing cultures and cultural communication. Many of our culture exchanges are learned within our culture interactions with our family or our peers at work and school. However, social institutions are being disrupted by society s constant connection to digital device. WereRead MoreRepresentation of the Self in Social Media1862 Words   |  7 Pagescommenting on connects in virtual communities and networks (Ahlqvist et al.,2008:13). It includes date-finding systems, social network sites, and other such developments that have contributed to the roaring rate of people who engage in online communication of self-representation. During the 1990, self-representation was rather a matter of fact description used to explain the kinds of projects carried out within the Access tradition at the Community Programme Unit (Thumin, 2011:6). In Self-RepresentationRead MoreE-mail Receiver and Sender Factors That Influence Emoticon Perception and Use1971 Words   |  8 Pagesmentioned previously the use of emoticons is not being used wide-spread (Rezabek Cochenour, 1998). Although emoticons are not used widespread, there are some differences in use based on sender and receiver characteristics and settings of the communication. Factors such as gender, age, and sender-receiver relationship can all have an effect on how e-mail is used and how messages are perceived (Byron, 2008). In this section we explore those differences. Age The use of e-mail and emoticons variesRead MoreThe Social Information Processing Theory Essay2258 Words   |  10 Pagesrelationship between MMC and an increased aversion to in-person communication. Originally based on early computer technology, the social information processing theory (SIP), developed by Joseph Walther (Griffin, 2012) in the early 1990’s, derived from relevance from the asynchronous nature of computer mediated communication at the time. As technology has evolved, computers are no longer the only device available for mediated communication. Smartphones, tablets and high-speed cellular technology haveRead MoreCan American People Develop Intimate Relationships Online?1025 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing able to read nonverbal cues, as well as sharing actual touching through hugs, kisses or hand holding (Gopen Swan, 1990). However, what happens when people are not afforded the opportunity to be directly in front of each other (Ellison, Heino, Gibbs, 2006)? Can one make the assumption that without physical intimacy a relationship does not have the ability to build (? Furthermore, can one develop actual emotions and feelings by utilizing computer mediated communications or CMC? In today’s

God Is The Creator Of All People, And The Israelites

The modern Christian religion tells each of its followers that God loves us all, sinners and innocents alike, if only we would accept God into our hearts. But how true is that statement? While God is the creator of all people, and the Israelites are supposed to be his chosen people, God does not act as such in the Bible. Rather than being interested in humanity in general, or even the Israelites specifically, God is primarily interested in certain individuals. These works suggest that even God has favorites. From Abraham to Moses to David, and all those heroes of the Bible, God preserves the peoples from which he derives these favored individuals. In these passages, the presence of a â€Å"chosen one† makes or breaks a society, and more often†¦show more content†¦As soon as Adam and Eve disobey God, he bans them from the garden of Eden. God drives out â€Å"man and at the east of the garden of Eden he placed the cherubim and a flaming sword that turned every way to g uard the way to the tree of life† and to the entrance to the garden of Eden (Genesis 3:24). These people may have been cared for by God, but by disobeying him, they lose God’s favor, showing that it was only favor that Adam and Eve had to begin with. Even the Israelites, God’s chosen people, are only briefly in God’s favor, and that is not as a result of any inherent interest in this group of people, but rather because the majority of God’s favorite individuals arise from this group. The people of Israel were overcome by the Egyptians and the Egyptians thus â€Å"set taskmasters over them to afflict them with heavy burdens† (Exodus 1:11). The Israelites â€Å"groaned because of their slavery and cried out for help† and only then â€Å"God remembered his covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob† (Exodus 2:23; Exodus 2:24). God had forgotten about the people he promised to provide prosperity for in the future. In addition , God does not remember the covenant as being with the Israelite peoples, but with his favorites of the previous generations, i.e. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Furthermore, rather than choosing to then save all of the Israelites with the power God obviously

Essay about Psychology Movie Review - 928 Words

Fight Club, starring Edward Norton who plays a role as a typical single man, living an ordinary life working in the corporate world. He believes in buying the most fascinating things that his money can buy. Even though that may seem perfect, he suffered from insomnia, multiple person’s disorder (schizophrenia), delusions, and paranoia. The movie starts out with a detailed history of his life as an adult. But surprisingly throughout the whole movie, he (Edward Norton) never once stated his name. He was the narrator telling his story. Then I tend to notice that he, â€Å"the narrator† mainly focused on self-talk and also dealing with his insomnia. After he seeks out the attention from his physician to deal with the lack of sleep, his physician†¦show more content†¦Fight for no reason but just to do something out of the norm. After the two men began to fight one another just for fun, later on down the line others saw there selves drawn to the adrenalin and excite ment of the concept to release their anger. This is how fight club began. But where the story began to take a turn was when Marla, the woman that he met in the support groups, called and stated she was in the process of committing suicide. He pretty much blew her off when Tyler took the initiative to go to her apartment where he becomes her coping mechanism by using sex. But while the narrator (Edward) thinks that he is having some sort of nightmare not understanding it is actual reality. Then noticing the tension between the two the narrator states that they Marla and Tyler remind him of his parent because he never sees them in the same place at once. The only time that they spent in the same room was during sexual intercourse. He narrator was jealous because of the way he felt for Marla, but just too afraid to express it because she was already sleeping with Tyler. This is why the tension was so high. Throughout the movie though it seems that everything that Tyler did, he (Edward) did as well. Like everything was always was done together. Everything that needed to be expressed came from Tyler as if he was speaking for him (Edward). But then became the recruiting of their members from the fight club. When he startedShow MoreRelatedMean Girls Movie Review/ Personality Psychology Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesMovie Review- Mean Girls Brooke Millett Sheridan College Personality and how we behave have been of much interest to psychologists for a long time now and because of this there have been many theories and theorists that have been developed. Personality is defined as consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within and individual (Fritzley, 2012, p. 10). There are six main approaches to personality psychology they include: biological approach, humanistic approach,Read MorePsychology Based Movie Review : What s Eating Gilbert Grape1646 Words   |  7 PagesMiranda Gable Benjamin Thomas Psychology 281 14 June 2016 Psychology Based Movie Review of What’s Eating Gilbert Grape What’s Eating Gilbert Grape is a motion picture drama that follows the life of the Grape family in the small, lackluster town of Endora (Hallstrom, 1993). Gilbert Grape, played by a young Johnny Depp, is the film’s predominant character and apparent man of the family after his father’s death. Throughout the movie, Gilbert narrates his thoughts as he attempts to navigate his familialRead MoreEssay about Classical Conditioning and Hancock John Hancock1411 Words   |  6 PagesMOVIE REVIEW: â€Å"HANCOCK† 1 Movie Review: â€Å"Hancock† Emanuel Vasquez Professor: Michael Christensen Psychology 1010-004 Utah Valley University February 28, 2013 MOVIE REVIEW: â€Å"HANCOCK† 2 Movie Review â€Å"Hancock† John Hancock (Will Smith) is a powerful superhero who has become a looser because of his addiction to alcohol and clumsy acts. He has also become the most hated person in Los Angeles. Even though he has saved many lives, he also destroyed many properties, costing theRead MoreFilm Review: King Kong(1933) Essay606 Words   |  3 PagesVisual Culture Film Review 8 King Kong Though the movie King Kong could not possibly cause anyone to lose sleep after seeing it today, it was certainly classified as a horror movie when it firstly went public in 1933. 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Esl Program Analysis Essay free essay sample

Students also have the opportunity to attend the Phelps Center for Gifted Education and an Early Childhood Center. Springfield Public Schools (SPS) caters to the diversity of its many students by including such programs as the International Baccalaureate (IB) program at the elementary, middle and high school levels, Wonder of the Ozarks Learning Facility (WOLF) and the Middle College Program. All five of their high schools are designated Missouri A+ schools, which allows a high school student to graduate and have their first two years of college paid for by an A+ scholarship. www. springfieldpublicschoolsmo. org). The Springfield Public Schools English Language Learner (ELL) program has been a part of their district since the 1980s, per Rhonda Hittenberger-Ortiz, ELL Liaison. At the program’s inception all students were serviced either at Central High School or through itinerant teachers who traveled around the district seeing students once or more per week. In the last five y ear their ELL population has grown quickly and a full-time coordinator was hired in 2011. Currently, they have eight ELL â€Å"site schools† where ELL students are clustered to receive regular language support from an on-site ELL teacher. These schools include four elementaries, one intermediate, two middle schools and one high school. Parents are given the choice to transfer their children to these schools or to leave them at their home school. For students who are not at the site schools, the district has an instructional coach who works with the mainstream teachers of the ELL students. Currently the district has 850 students in the ELL program. Program Details Springfield Public Schools uses different methods in their program. The Elementary sites mostly implement the push-in or collaborative teaching method in which ELL and mainstream teachers work together within the classroom, sharing content and language goals for each lesson. The pull-out method is used for the lowest English proficient students. Secondary sites schedule students into English-instruction classes and the teachers also go into content classrooms to work with ELLs individually or in small groups. Assessments Students take the same assessments that all other students in the district take but with certain accommodations such as interpreters, extra time, etc. Springfield R-12 uses the following assessments: DRA2 (grades K-2), Scantron Performance Series Assessment for Reading, Language Arts and Math (grades 3-12), the Missouri Assessment Program (grades 3-8) and End-of-Course exams (grades 9-12). In addition, ELL students take a yearly progress test to provide data to the state of Missouri. The yearly exams shows progress in English proficiency and how many students are achieving English proficiency. Springfield Public Schools regularly meets the state-established goals. The expectation for reaching English proficiency varies widely and depends on many factors. State Guidelines The State of Missouri’s English Language Proficiency Standards and Grade Level Expectations are based on World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment (WIDA). WIDA establishes, for educators, high quality standards, assessments, research and professional development. These help teachers with language development and to help increase academic achievement for their English Language Learners (http://wida. s/index. aspx). English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) is the teaching approach of choice in Missouri. Typically ESOL programs are established because a qualified teacher who is fluent in English and the student’s native language is not available. In other situations there just may be too many languages represented in a district that makes having bilingual teachers not practical. Miss ouri uses three ESOL approaches: Structured ESOL Immersion, Content-based ESOL and Pull-Out ESOL. They only use the Pull-Out ESOL approach in their lowest learners. The state of Missouri strives to develop instructional objectives that lead students to high achievement by relying on both state and national standards that can be found at www. tesol. edu. The Show-Me Standards represent Missouri’s educational expectations for all students. Local schools are responsible for ensuring that LEP (Limited English Proficient) students not only develop Communication Arts skills but that they achieve high levels in all of the Knowledge and Performance standards. All school districts in Missouri must develop a plan that incorporates LEP student needs into the entire school’s educational program (http://dese. o. gov/qs/me/documents/definstructmodel. pdf). Instructional Practices for ELL Students Researchers continually battle as to whether the ELL student’s native language should be part of their teaching. Most school districts tend to not have a sufficient amount of teachers that speak the native languages of their students and therefor e implement ESL programs which are taught only in English. Federal policies continue to restrict the amount of time that can be spent teaching children in their native language. Policies such as â€Å"No Child Left Behind† and the continued diminishment of funding makes it impractical for local educational agencies and school districts to support native language instruction (Calderon, M. , Slavin, R. , amp; Sanchez, M. 2011). A case study performed by the Alliance for Excellent Education in December 2005 promotes six key strategies that teachers of English language learners can use. They promote: 1. Vocabulary and Language Development 2. Guided Interaction 3. Metacognition and Authentic Assessment 4. Explicit Instruction 5. Meaning-Based Context and Universal Themes 6. Modeling, Graphic Organizers and Visuals The concept behind these six strategies is that they not only help students develop English as their second language it helps them learn words that are not part of the everyday English language such as algorithm, allegory, hypothesis, and filibuster (http://uteach. utexas. edu/sites/default/files/files/SixKeyStrategiesELL. pdf). These strategies not only work in an ELL environment but are also good strategies for all learners in all subject areas. A look inside the door of any classroom in the United States would show these strategies at work with ELL and non-ELL students. Other arguments that surface in the ELL world are that as the number of ELL students grows in our country, educators and educational agencies will have to be look at â€Å"Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE). Authors Zulmara Cline and Juan Necochea of the College of Education, California State University San Marcos explored the eight key components of SDAIE that can enhance the instructional program of schools and provide access to core curriculum to ELLs. The eight components of SDAIE are: 1. Primary Language Support 2. Connect to Previous Learning 3. Visuals and Manipulatives . Low Risk and Safe Environment 5. Multiple Access Points 6. Cooperative and Interactive 7. Chunking and Webbing 8. Respectful Learning These components have to continuously be working with each other and not on an independent basis. Teachers should be making connections to previous learning, use visuals and manipulatives whenever possible, create a safe, low risk environment for their students, etc. Continually using these components with an English Language Learner in a main-streamed classroom will help them grow in the English language and as students in all academic areas (Cline, Z. amp; Necochea, J. 2003). These theories regarding ELL/ESL instruction all have strong points as to how they can benefit the English Language Learner by creating environments that allow non-English speaking students the benefits of English instruction even with teachers who may not be fluent in their native language. Springfield Public Schools has a fully immersed ESL program that puts their ELL students in classrooms with English speaking teachers that work hand-in-hand with ESOL instructors. I eel that Springfield Public Schools is providing the appropriate instruction for their ELL students, which makes up approximately 3% of their total student population, as they continually meet state requirements and standards. Although one may argue that one weakness we have might be that th ey don’t require their ELL students to attend one of their ELL site schools but can only recommend it to the parents. This might make learning English for a student that chooses to stay at their home school, even though it isn’t an ELL site, more difficult since their interaction with a certified ESOL instructor may be more limited. Springfield R-12 predicts that they will see an increase of 115 students district-wide per year for the next 10 years. It will be interesting to see if their ELL population grows proportionately and if that will alter their methods. Over-all I would still contend that the Springfield R-12 School District located in Springfield, Missouri is providing an excellent education to not only their ELL students but all students and that they take full advantage of the resources available to them. Resources Calderon, M. Slavin, R. , amp; Sanchez, M. (2011). Effective Instruction for English Learners. Future Of Children, 21(1), 103-127 Cline, Z. , amp; Necochea, J. (2003). Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE): More Than Just Good Instruction. Multicultural Perspectives, 5(1), 18 http://dese. mo. gov/qs/me/documents/definstructmodel. pdf http://uteach. utexas. edu/sites/default/files/files/SixKeyStrategiesELL. pdf http://wida. us/index. aspx www. springfieldpublicschoolsmo. org www. tesol. edu