Analyse the Bank of England monetary policy from 2001 to 2013. Divide Essay

Analyse the Bank of England monetary policy from 2001 to 2013. Divide the period in pre-crisis and post-crisis - Essay Example exes within the economy such as the rate of unemployment, the rates of inflation, the interest rates for loans and mortgages, as well as, the performance of the economy. The bank of England has the monetary authority to formulate and develop monetary policies within the United Kingdom that promote and enhance economic growth and development within the country (Alexander, Balino & Enoch 2011, p.9). The bank of England has a monetary policy committee that has the sole power and authority to formulate and implement monetary policies affecting the United Kingdom’s economy. The committee meets once every month with its main task as set by the government through legislation, to keep the rate of inflation within the country at 2% or lower. The reason why the rate of inflation within the country forms the sole and important goal of this monetary policy committee is that inflation may lead to an economic failure, or a drop in economic development and progress. A high rate of inflation results to high prices of goods and services, which may become unaffordable to most consumers. This reflects to productivity and development within the nation whereby the high rate of inflation affects investment activities as an investor will have to invest more in order to secure some tangible returns on investments, which is impossible due to the high rate of interests raised by bloated inflati on rates. Consequently, the monetary policy committee of the Bank of England meets on a monthly basis to deliberate means of securing the interest rates below 2%. The committee forecasts expected rates of inflation for a two-year period with the assumption that this may take much longer to take place, and use this platform to set a Bank Rate. The bank rate is the rate at which the bank of England charges other commercial banks and financial institutions for all the loans it releases, which in turn influences the commercial bank rates and mortgages that these banks charge the ordinary citizen or

Threshold Concepts for Nanotechnology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Threshold Concepts for Nanotechnology - Essay Example The amount that U.S has expended on the research and development of the nanotechnology is about $3.7 billion; while European Union has spent about 1.2 billion. Nanotechnology is considered to be the one of its own kind as the technology utilizes the conventional materials as emphasize on the production of new materials and enhance the productivity and efficiency of the nanotechnology (Highfield, 2012). Nearly every field like the medicine, energy, electronics, etc are considered to be greatly influenced by the nanotechnology in future. The more interactive designs are seen in the water purification and energy sector. On the other hand, the future advancement and implementation of the nanotechnology is much debated and scientists believe that the technology may solve the typical problems. On the other hand, the issues regarding the nanotechnology are the same as that of the other emerging technologies. The issues may have a deep relation with the environment and the pollutions, impact s on the economics and the impact on the society and culture (Crnano.org, 2008). Nanotechnology is considered as the future technology and is considered as the manufacturing and handling of the systems and devices at the nanostructure or molecular level. ... ter of about 2 nm and the spicing between the typical carbon- carbon bonds is about 0.12nm -0.15 nm, while the smallest microorganism has a length of about 200 nm, which is Mycoplasma. The nanotechnology is modeled to be in the length ranging from 1- 100 nm. The smallest particle in nature is considered to be hydrogen atom that has an atomic width of about ? nm. Nanotechnology and Micro technology and Nanotechnology approaches There is distinct difference between the nanotechnology and micro technology. The micro scale is larger than that of the nano scale. The nanotechnologies are considered to have the ranges more than the given nanotechnology range. The nanotechnology adopts two main approaches; the â€Å"bottom-up† approach and the â€Å"top-down† approach. During the bottom up approach the devices and products are considered to manufacture themselves at the molecular level. Chemical reactions or physical combination are adopted at the bottom up approach. The proces s of combination of the products during the bottom up approach is known as the molecular recognition (Nano.gov, 2008). On the other hand, in the top down approach the atomic control is not required and the larger entities are utilized to manufacture the nano products. The major researches in the areas of nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, etc have made it easy to adopt both the approached according to the requirement. Nanotechnology and Electronics Industry and related benefits Some processes are recognized due to the smaller size of the system. The processes include the quantum mechanical effects. The electronic properties of the materials are assumed to be impacted by changing the particle size of the material. The quantum effect is considered to affect the system when the size of the particle reduces to